Albania - a country with seven seals

15 May 2011 Travel time: with 05 May 2011 on 05 May 2011
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So my old dream came true - to visit Albania - a country shrouded in mystery, about which so little information was leaked, a country that for almost the entire 20th century was in complete isolation from the rest of the world. It is difficult for a Ukrainian citizen to get to this country, we have not exchanged embassies. Unless relaxing in Montenegro, neighboring Albania, you can buy a one-day excursion to the capital Tirana.

Be that as it may, my aspiration was crowned with success and I, along with 42 other Ukrainian tourists, went on the first promotional tour, which involves visiting this little-known country for our citizens.

Having the go-ahead to visit this mysterious country, however, we enter with difficulties: on the eve of the Albanian authorities decided to ban entry into their country.


Montenegro saw us off with cool weather, cloudy skies, which for this time of the year is uncharacteristic for this sunny and warm country in all respects.

The border point through which we crossed the border is one between these countries, that is, leaving Montenegro, passing through it, we immediately find ourselves in Albania. As soon as we crossed the border point, the sky was freed from the captivity of clouds and clouds, and the sun smiled gently at us, as if to say “Welcome to Albania! ". At the border, we are met by an Albanian guide, Mustafa, who speaks Russian well. We make our first stop at the border. We are greeted by a sign saying “Welcome in Albania” and… the first sign of Albanian territory is one of the 7.000 concrete bunkers scattered generously across the country. It seems that just enough of them were built to cover the entire male population (and each bunker is designed for 2-4 people).

Now the main Albanian souvenir is an ashtray in the form of a bunker.

There is an open-air cafe and gift shop nearby.

We visit a souvenir shop where we buy souvenirs.

Shkodra - northern gate to Albania

The first city we visit is Shkoder, located 13 km from the border with Montenegro. It is located in a very convenient place: on the shores of Skadar (in Alb. Shkodra) Lake, which belongs to two neighboring countries, at the confluence of the two rivers Drin and Buna, and the Adriatic Sea, as they say, is within easy reach - 20 km. Albanian scientists believe that the city of Shkoder arose in the 6th-5th centuries BC.

We rise to the ancient Shkoder fortress “Rozafa”, located on a rocky hill, founded in the 4th century BC. e. Illyrian tribe Labeati. An old Shkodera legend says: three brothers could not build a local fortress in any way - it collapsed all the time. And then they decided to sacrifice to heaven and strengthen the walls with blood.


It was decided that the wife of the younger brother, the beautiful Rozafa, should be walled up. He couldn't tell her for a long time. But one day he had to, and she courageously accepted it, saying: "Burn me up so that I can feed my child. " She was immured alive in the foundation of the fortress along with her son. The Shkodra fortress is named after her.

In 168 BC. e. the city was captured by the Romans, after which it began to develop as an important commercial and military center. Not later than the 7th century n. e. Slavic tribes began to actively settle in the vicinity of the city. Subsequently, the city entered the boundaries of the large Slavic state formation of Duklja (with its center in modern Montenegro). History of the city X—XV centuries. closely connected with the development of the medieval Serbian states of Raska and Zeta.

In 1479, the city was captured by the Turks, having withstood two major sieges in 1474 and 1478 before that.

The resistance to the Turks was led by the Albanian prince Leka Dukajini, a follower of George Skanderbeg. The city was devastated, and most of the population fled.

Below, such a beautiful view opens up that it feels like the whole beautiful country is spread out in front of us in all its glory. Probably, such a feeling should cover the black double-headed eagle that adorns the red panel of the Albanian flag.

Below is a green plain intersected by two rivers. Two bridges across the calmly flowing full-flowing Drin River are clearly visible. On one of them, now old and wooden, we drove a few minutes ago on our bus, the second one, clean and brand new, just built according to the latest word in bridge building, is waiting for its grand opening, which is scheduled for the next day.

For me, its appearance evokes an association with a new milestone in the life of this ancient country, once closed, backward and downtrodden, but now it has opened its gates to guests and laid a modern bridge to a new life.

But let's get back to the description of the area from the height of an eagle's flight. On both sides of the river is the city of Shkoder - a kind of northern gate of Albania. Around the fresh greenery of the May field, a little further away you can see the largest lake of the Balkan Peninsula, Shkodra (area up to 388 sq. Km).


The Albanian name of the city Shkodë r, as well as the Turkish Skutari and the Slavic Skadar, according to the most common version, comes from the Latin word scutarii, which literally means “defenders”, and referred to the legion located here in the late Roman period.

Shkodra is the city center of Catholicism in the state.

Historically, the city has maintained certain relations between Austria and Italy, because for a long time the city was under the influence of Venice. Yes, and Islam here came from Spain. Many museums, the ruins of medieval cities located in the city and its environs, testify to the complex but interesting history of the city. It is also the cultural center of one of the two nationalities of Albania, the Ghegs. Shkodra is the fourth largest city in Albania, the population of the city together with the surrounding area reaches 20.000 people.

In the city, the Muslim mosque of Abu Bakr is adjacent to the Cathedral, which is very typical both for Shkoder and for Albania, out of 3.6 million of the population of which are Muslims - 70%, Orthodox - 20%, Catholics - 10%, while conflicts in religious soil is not observed, Muslim and Christian families are friends with each other, religious holidays are celebrated together.

Albanians cannot be classified as religious fans. It so happened historically that before the conquest of the country by the Ottoman Empire, the population professed the Christian faith. Once under the rule of the Muslim Ottoman Empire, most of the population changed their faith to Islam in order to pay less taxes. At the same time, outwardly observing Muslim customs, they maintained the Christian way of life in everyday life. This is such a dodgy, unprincipled people.

This is what the modern city of Shkoder looks like.

We say goodbye to Shkoder and head to the capital of Albania, the city of Tirana, located 100 km from Shkoder. We pass fields and small settlements. Along the way, there are often "monuments" of the terrible recent past - bunkers.

And along with this, the impression is that the whole country has been in hibernation for a long time, and now, having woken up, it is intensively creating a new life: tractors and peasants are working in the fields, many buildings are under construction.


In the capital of Albania

We guess that we are approaching the capital at the sight of a modern airport, near which we pass by a restaurant built in the form of an air liner.

Tirana - the capital of the country - the largest industrial and cultural center of Albania. It is located in an intermountain valley along the Ishm River at the foot of the Kruya Daiti mountain range, 40 kilometers from the Adriatic Sea. The city was founded by the Turks in 1614 as Teheran (the Turkish name for Tirana), since 1920 it has been the capital. Under King Zog I (1928-1939), Italian architects redesigned the city. Population - 353.9 thousand people. Now it is the center of the scientific and cultural life of the country, there are a university, an opera and ballet theater, sports facilities, manufacturing enterprises, a center for the artistic processing of wood, ceramics, and silver. The city has museums: Albanian folk culture, nature, national historical, archaeological.

Main attractions: the former palace of King Zogu, the Palace of Congresses, Skanderbeg Square with a monument to him, the Haji Ethem Bey Mosque (late 18th - early 19th century), Clock Tower (Sahat Kulla, 1830). In the old part of Tirana - old houses, a huge bazaar.

This building on the embankment of the Lana River in the form of a pyramid is the former Mausoleum of Enver Hoxha. The Albanian leader was not lucky - he died in 1985, and in 1990 changes had already begun in the country. So he did not have to lie down in the mausoleum for a long time. Now it is used as a shopping center and a center for various exhibitions, and in the future it will turn into an international cultural center.

You can rarely see tourists in Tirana, because after the NATO aggression against Yugoslavia, a stream of refugees from Kosovo poured into the country, which led to an aggravation of not only domestic, but also foreign policy problems. However, there is a lot to see in Tirana.


It is an ideal place for those who crave peace and tranquility and enjoy hiking. In local shops and shops you can buy beautiful art products made of wood, silver and ceramics.

We begin our tour of the city from the large Skanderbeg Square in the city center, bounded from the east by the heights of Mount Dajti (1612 m. ). We were unlucky - the main square is all blocked and dug up: restoration work is underway.

The National Historical Museum is the largest and richest museum in Albania, it is located next to the 15-storey Tirana International Hotel - the tallest building in the country (a huge mosaic mural covers the entire facade of the building).

To the east of the hotel is the Palace of Culture, which has its own theatre, restaurant, cafe and art galleries, and clearly stands out against the background of the low buildings of the capital with its "socialist" architecture.

It’s good that cars can’t really accelerate on bumps - you always have time to dodge. Almost all Albanians drive Mercedes, however, most of them should have retired 20 years ago. The driver can easily stop on the road to chat with a friend driving in the opposite lane. At the same time, half-kilometer traffic jams form on both sides, but no one is indignant - there is nowhere to hurry.

Everywhere they offer to buy mobile phones, watches and other "trinkets". It is worth avoiding such street vendors and their harassment, because the goods often turn out to be either fake or stolen. Tirana is a beautiful city, it has a lot of greenery, parks, but it cannot boast of cleanliness: there is a lot of garbage on the streets.

We leave the capital - ahead is the road to neighboring Macedonia.


For travel, we choose the local autobahn connecting the city of Durres with Kosovo (obviously, the local Albanians took care of convenient transport links with the Kosovo Albanians). We pass the city of Durres, located on the coast of the Gulf of Durres - the main gate of Albania to the outside world, its tourist and resort center. Sea fishing is developed here. Like many settlements in Albania, Durres is of very ancient origin (founded in the 7th century BC). Here we say goodbye to the Adriatic Sea, along the coast of which we traveled for 5 days.

About the country, its history and people

Scientists believe that the ancestors of the Albanians were Illyrian tribes (I millennium BC). From the 11th century the ethnonym "Arbers" began to spread. The domination of the Ottoman Empire, which lasted almost 5 centuries, from the XV century. until 1912, caused the migration of the population, part of which converted to Islam. From the middle of the XIX century. the growth of national consciousness began, a literary language developed.

After the defeat of Turkey in the First Balkan War, Albania achieved formal independence. In 1939 it was captured by fascist Italy, in 1943 - by fascist Germany. In 1946 it was proclaimed a people's republic, in 1976 it was renamed the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, since May 1991 - the Republic of Albania.

Albanians are proud of their national hero Giorgi Kastrioti, nicknamed Skanderbeg. In the second half of the XV century. this largest feudal lord was at the head of the armed struggle against the conquests of the Ottoman Empire.

On the territory of modern Albania in the II millennium BC. e. the Illyrians settled, and in the 7th - 6th centuries. BC e. on the Adriatic coast, the Greeks founded their first colonies of Epidamnus (present-day Durres), Apollonia (near Vlore), Butrint (south of Saranda). In the V - II centuries. BC e. small Illyrian states arose here, which in 168 BC. e. were incorporated into the Roman Empire (province of Illyricum). After its collapse in 395 AD. e.

Albania became part of the Byzantine Empire. In the VIII-XI centuries. the country began to be called Albania after the Albany ethnic group living in its central part. Local residents since the 16th century. began to call this territory Shkiperia (land of eagles). Starting from the IX century. it was alternately captured by its neighbors - Bulgaria, Venice, Serbia. In 1388-1430. it was captured by the Ottoman Empire, finally lost its independence in 1506.


The defeat of Turkey in the First Balkan War led to the creation in 1912 of an independent Albanian state. At the same time, the region of Kosovo, inhabited by Albanians, became part of Serbia, and Chameria went to Greece, and half of all Albanians ended up outside the country. In 1920, Albania was recognized by the international community as an independent state, its capital was moved from Durres to Tirana. In April 1939 it was occupied by Italian, and in 1943 by German troops.

After the liberation of the country from German troops in November 1944, Kosovo, Chameria and the west of Macedonia, inhabited by Albanians, were returned to Yugoslavia and Greece, and since that time the borders of Albania have not changed. The ethnic conflict in Kosovo in 1999 caused a large influx of Albanian refugees from there who settled in the northeastern regions, which aggravated the country's internal problems.

Albania is a republic, the head of state is the president, the legislative body is the unicameral parliament Kuvendi Popullor (People's Assembly). The country is divided into 36 districts (reti).

The population of Albania is one of the most ethnically homogeneous in Europe. Albanians (self-name - Shkiptars) descended from the Illyrians, who inhabited at the dawn of written history a part of the country located north of the river. Shkumbini. Southern Albania at that time was under Greek influence.

Both areas fell under the rule of Roman, Slavic and Turkish conquerors for a long time, but there are still significant differences between the Ghegs living north of the river. Shkumbini, and the Tosks living south of it. The Albanian language, which is based on the Toxian dialect, comes from the ancient Illyrian language and is unlike any other language in the world. 99% of Albanians living in the country do not know other languages.

Until recently, Albania was communist. Here it was forbidden to marry foreigners, it was not allowed to have such bourgeois luxury items as a piano or a car, a TV set and a telephone for personal use, it was forbidden to keep dogs and cats in the house. Guys weren't allowed to wear jeans, girls weren't allowed to wear short skirts, and they weren't allowed to listen to rock and roll together.


For such “serious crimes”, young people were not only expelled from the university and given a prison term of up to 15 years, but also their parents were expelled from work, they were also threatened with a prison term. Article 55 of the Criminal Code was considered the most terrible - propaganda and agitation, for which they were given 15 years. In total, during this time, a third of the country's population was sentenced to various terms. Albanians not only did not have the right to leave the country, but were also restricted in their movement around their country and city. Public transport worked only during and for travel to and from work, and personal transport did not exist at all. The only thing the Albanians had the right to do was to build numerous concrete bunkers for free during non-working hours, supposedly to protect them from an external enemy. The border was not just locked up, any living creature, including animals, was shot by vigilant border guards when trying to cross the border.

In addition, Albania was proclaimed the first atheistic state on the planet and places of worship were destroyed.

At present, Albania is one of the poorest and most backward countries in Europe, despite the rich reserves of ferrous and non-ferrous ores, oil and gas. Half of the working population is employed in agriculture. The main agricultural crops are wheat, corn, potatoes, tobacco, sugar beet, and cotton. Sheep are traditionally bred in the mountains. Young people emigrate in search of work, so there are more Albanians living abroad than in their native land.

Translated automatically from Russian. View original
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Когда-то непреодолимая граница
Бункер
Вид с крепости
В крепости
Новый мост в Шкодере
Кафедральный собор в Шкодере
Мечеть Абу Бакра в Шкодере
Современный Шкодер
Пирамида - бывший Мавзолей Ходжи
Шкодерская крепость
Ресторан
В центре Тираны
Правительственное здание
Мэр Тираны присутствует везде
Площадь Скандерберга
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