Turkey - in the footsteps of great civilizations (part 2)

15 September 2012 Travel time: with 03 June 2012 on 11 June 2012
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Acquaintance with the Antalya coast

We stop for rest and further acquaintance with Turkey at the Grand Ring Hotel in Beldibi near the famous resort of Kemer on the Mediterranean coast. We have a great hotel, comfortable room, decent restaurant. We immediately run to the beach to plunge into the depths of the sea.

After lunch, a surprise awaits us - we go to Kemer to a real hammam (Turkish bath), where we get all kinds of massages, masks, where we steam in a "dry" and "wet" sauna, swim in indoor and outdoor pools, drink various drinks . In general, we relax in full.

In the morning we go on an excursion to the city of Antalya to get acquainted with it and its history.


According to the legend associated with the founding of Antalya, the king of Pergamon, Attalos II, once gathered his subjects and said: “Go and find me a place on earth so that all kings, all peoples will envy, go and find me heaven on earth” and sent them to 4 side of his kingdom. Soldiers walked for months and saw many beautiful places, but none of them was as beautiful as paradise to please the royal desire, until they reached today's Antalya and, having seen the unique beauty of nature, realized that this is exactly the paradise that they spoke about. tsar. When the king arrived at this place, he was mesmerized by this area with blue skies, turquoise seas and golden sands among virgin green forests. And in this most beautiful place on earth, he ordered the founding of a city, which he named Attaleia in his honor. True or not, this legend, but in the II century BC. e.

Attalos II founded a military base here to strengthen the southern shores of his state. After the disappearance of the Kingdom of Pergamon from the stage of history in 133 BC. e. Attaleia, after a short period of independence, was captured by pirates, and in 77 BC. e. attached to the Roman Empire. After the 7th century, the city often passed from the Seljuks to the Byzantines and vice versa. In 1207 the city was annexed to the Seljuk, and in 1391 to the Ottoman lands. Today Antalya is a large city with a population of 1.5 million people, it is called the "pearl of the Mediterranean", the "Turkish Riviera" and it is considered one of the most popular resorts on earth.

The modern city and ancient buildings are nearby, and the old center of Kaleiç i is surrounded by walls inside and out. The fortress walls with 80 towers more than 2 thousand years old, which were witnesses of many civilizations that existed here, have survived to this day.

On the walled street, the traditional houses of Antalya have been preserved. These two- and three-story buildings have one faç ade facing the street, the other looking into the garden, and they perfectly reflect the atmosphere of the city's past.

Our eyes are attracted by the complex Yivli Minare Kylliesi, and especially Yivli Minaret - the symbol of Antalya. This minaret is one of the first Muslim buildings in Antalya, built in the 13th century by Seljuk architects. The base is made of quadrangular slabs, the body is made of bricks and turquoise tiles. On the body there is a minaret on 8 vertical grooves. The staircase to the top consists of 90 steps, and the height is 38 m.

We pay attention to the Kesik Minare Jame (mosque with a cut minaret). This very ancient building was converted by the son of Beyazit II Shahzade Korkut into a mosque, and one minaret was completed.


Due to a fire in the 19th century, the wooden part of the minaret burned down, so this mosque was given that name. The mosque is interesting because it represents the features of the ancient, Seljuk and Ottoman eras.

We visit the Karatay Madrasah, founded as a Koran School in 1251. A feature of the Madrasah is a mihrab (prayer niche) decorated with rich geometric motifs of the Seljuk type. Today, within the walls of the former madrasah, there is a museum, which contains the best examples of elegant Seljuk tiles and ceramics. The portal and mihrab of the madrasah demonstrate the skill of the Seljuks in the art of stone carving.

We descend to the ancient marina located inside the fortress, which has been used without interruption since the 2nd century BC. e. , i. e. since the founding of the city.

In addition to private yachts, there are also pleasure boats that depart at different times and in different directions along the coast of Antalya, from where you can see waterfalls, cliffs, sea caves, beaches, bays, ancient cities and islands. We are placed on the deck of one of the yachts and go on a boat trip along the coast of the city. Before us opens a wonderful view of the pier and the city we love.

There are many parks and squares in Antalya, the architecture of modern buildings is beautiful. The whole city is decorated with flowers and fountains, well-groomed palm trees everywhere. Modern comfortable houses, good city roads, new vehicles testify to the well-being of the city itself and its inhabitants.

In addition to various historical sites, there are many interesting waterfalls and caves near the kilometer-long beaches of Antalya and its suburbs. I especially remember the Karpuzkaldyran waterfall on the Lower Duden River, 42 meters high with a bas-relief of Kemal Ataturk.

Pamukkale - "Cotton Fortress" and the ancient city of Hierapolis

Pamukkale, located 20 km from the city of Denizli, is a wonder of nature that resembles a fairy tale land, thanks to fields of travertine that look like hardened white linen and healing springs. It symbolizes the combined natural and cultural riches with its historical significance and the proximity of thermal springs.


Water (35.6 degrees C), flowing down from the slopes of the mountain, forms a system of reservoirs with lime walls (travertines). The layer of carbon dioxide in the spring water decomposes into carbon dioxide, calcium carbonate and water. Carbon dioxide released into the air and limestone sinking form travertines.

Thermal waters of Pamukkale are used for various diseases: cardiovascular, rheumatism, relieves stomach cramps; has a miraculous effect on stone-kidney and infectious diseases, so a thermal spa was created here.

Even in the Roman period, Lyuli came to Hierapolis to improve their health in thermal waters. The expressive architecture of the Ancient Fountain and the Roman reservoir, made to use thermal waters, fascinates and delights. Swimming in the thermal waters among the historical works in the "Cleopatra's Pool" gave us great pleasure.

Of course, the main attraction of Pamukkale are travertines. However, no less interesting are the ruins of the ancient city of Hierapolis, founded by the Pergamon king Eumenes II in 190 BC. e. and named after Queen Hiera, the wife of the founder of the Kingdom of Pergamon, Telef. In 133 BC. e.

the city came under the patronage of Rome, and in 395 - under the control of Byzantium.

The most important monuments of the Roman period were the remains of an ancient bath, restored in the 1st century, the agora, the theatre, two colonnaded avenues, the triumphal gate of Domitian, the ramparts, and a basilica from the Christian period.

The necropolis (ancient cemetery) contained numerous tombs and sarcophagi, for the construction of which marble and limestone were used. The tombs are divided into 3 types: sarcophagi, rectangular family tombs and Timulus - round family tombs.

The city had to see and experience a lot. Especially merciless were earthquakes, which repeatedly destroyed it. Despite repeated restoration, after the earthquake of 1334 the city was abandoned.


In addition to visiting the ancient ruins, we visit the Museum of the History of Hierapolis and, getting acquainted with the expositions, we learn a lot of new and interesting things about that distant time. The museum is located in the very center of Hierapolis, in the building of the Great Roman Baths, past which we pass from the thermal pool to the travertines. The museum is small but interesting. It exhibits exhibits found not only during the excavations of Hierapolis, but also Colossia, Laodicea, Tripolis, Attuda, Caria. The exhibits date back to various periods from the Bronze Age to the Ottoman Empire.

The exposition occupies three halls. The first contains items found during the excavations of Hierapolis and Laodicea: tombs, marble tombstones, carved stone decoration details and baked clay sarcophagi. Also exhibited here are originals and copies of ancient Greek statues. The main part of the exposition of the second hall is made up of objects found in 1954-1959.

by an English archaeological expedition in the Denizli region - household utensils made of baked clay, coins, processed stones dating back to the 4th century BC. e. In addition, there are gold and silver coins, women's jewelry and cult objects related to later periods - Phrygian Hellenic, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk and Ottoman. In the third hall, objects found during excavations in the Hierapolis amphitheater are exhibited - statues and other details of the decoration of the facade and walls. Some of the exhibits are located directly in the courtyard.

Ephesus - the city of ancient Greek legends and myths

Near the city of Selcuk is the most magnificent ancient city of Turkey, Ephesus, which we visit. This is the place where St. Paul spread Christianity, where the Queen of Egypt Cleopatra and the Roman general Mark Antony came, where the Virgin Mary and St. John spent their last days, and where about 1.5 million people come.

tourists every year. This legendary city is the country's most important cultural heritage.


The time of the foundation of the first city that arose on this site goes deep into the centuries and is mentioned in the texts of the Hittites as Apasa, the capital of the country of Arzawa. The city itself was a port and began its existence in 1050 BC. e. along with the settlement of peoples sailing by sea, and in 560 BC. e. was moved to the vicinity of the Temple of Artemis. The ancient city of Ephesus was founded by Lusimakos, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, in 300 BC. e. During the period of Roman rule in 100-200, having a population of 200 thousand people, it was considered the most populous city of Anatolia. In 262, the city was ravaged by the Goths, and from that moment the period of its decline began. In the 5th-6th centuries, Ephesus was the most important city of the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople. Under Emperor Constantine I, the city was largely rebuilt, including the construction of new baths. In 614

What has been preserved and appears to the gaze of modern man really strikes the imagination with the scale of the work and the art of execution. Particularly impressive are the Agora (square for public meetings) and the basilica, which starts from the majestic colonnade, the total length of which is about 165 meters, the temple of Domitian and the mausoleum of Memmius. The stop shows you the way to the brothel. From 1895 to the present day, in the ancient city of Ephesus, where many tourists walk along Portovaya Street after excavations, and magnificent performances take place in the restored Bolshoi Theater, Celsius is breathtaking in front of the grandeur of the library building. Yes, you can’t list everything, you have to go through everything and inspect it yourself.

We drive up to one of the seven wonders of the world, the Temple of Artemis. Here, apart from the fragments of the columns on which the storks build their nests, nothing has survived to this day.

And once it was not only the first marble temple built in those days, but also the most sacred temple of the Hellenistic period. The temple of Artemis, the ancient Greek goddess, was built in the archaic (ancient) period. Around 650 BC. e. Ephesus, including the temple of Artemis, was destroyed by the Cimmerians, but later a huge new temple was built. In 356 BC. e. the temple of Artemis was burned by Herostratus, who had a manic desire to become famous, but was soon restored again. For centuries, it was used not only as a place of worship, but also as a place where the statue of Artemis and other valuables were hidden. In 401, the temple of Artemis was finally destroyed. On the hill is the Selç uk fortress, built in the Byzantine period, below is the majestic Isa Bey mosque built in 1375.

We go to the Church of the Apostle of Christ John, who was one of the authors of the New Testament.


A chapel has been built here, near which a spring is believed to be healing, near which a wall of desires has appeared, where you can make a wish by tying a rag knot on specially installed grates.

Short rest in Kusadasi and a short stop in Izmir

We stop for a short rest in the resort town of Kusadasi on the coast of the Aegean Sea. Our hotel "Sozer" is located in the city center, opposite the beach. First of all, we decide to plunge into the still not quite warm sea. Then until the very night we walk along the beautiful embankment.

After a little rest, we set off to meet another ancient city - Pergamon, on the way to which we make a short stop in the third largest city in the country, Izmir (ancient Smyrna), with a population of 2.5 million. Human. Izmir is the city of the wind sea. “I am 8500 years old…” - says the city through the mouth of the poet Homer.

Here for centuries and according to mythology, Amazons, Lydians, Persians, Alexander the Great with the army, Romans, Arabs, Byzantines, Seljuks and Ottomans continuously lived, replacing each other.

Izmir has been a port city throughout its history and its center is the coastal region of Konak, which has become a lively entertainment center, in the center of which the “heart” of Izmir beats - Konak Meidana Square. On the square stands the Clock Tower, which is considered a symbol of the city. It was built in 1901 for Sultan Abdulhamid II in honor of the 25th anniversary of his reign. The clock on the tower is a symbol of Turkish-German friendship, as well as friendship between the two rulers, was a gift from the German Emperor Wilhelm II.

Also on the square are: the city hall - Belediye and the archaeological museum, in the basement of which there are sarcophagi, bas-reliefs and several statues, including statues of Poseidon and Demeter, the Yali Jamisi mosque, decorated with faience, the municipality building and the government building. Our attention is drawn to the monument to Hasan Tahsin, who fired the first shot at the occupying forces during the liberation war.

In the ancient capital of the Pergamon kingdom


The ancient city of Pergamum, located 100 km north of Izmir, in the center of the Bergama region, was considered the city of Zeus, medicine and writing developed here. In 282-133 BC. e. the city becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon, founded by the Greek Phileter, son of Attalus, in 283 BC. e. , who laid the foundation for the Attalid dynasty (283-129 BC).

The Kingdom of Pergamon is one of the largest and richest Hellenistic states in terms of territory, playing a paramount role in the fate of the Hellenistic world at the end of the 3rd-2nd centuries BC. e. until Attalus III, who considered the inevitable subordination of Pergamon to Rome, in 133 BC. e. bequeathed his kingdom to him. The Romans formed the province of Asia here. In written sources, Pergamon was mentioned for the first time in the 4th century BC. e.

We visit the ruins of the Acropolis (upper city), located on the top of a sheer hill at an altitude of 300 m. Previously, this hill could only be reached by climbing along a bending road. We go up the newly built cable car. Below, a wonderful panorama of the city of Bergama and the surrounding picturesque area opens up.

The remains of the old city were found in 1870 by the German engineer Karl Humann while building a railway in Western Anatolia. Shortly thereafter in 1878

the first explorations and excavations of Pergamum began, which continue to this day.

The peculiarity of the city layout is that all religious, military, official, social and commercial buildings are located close to each other. During the period when the city was the capital, a palace, a temple, a theater and a tower were built here and surrounded by city walls. Above the residential area are the palaces of the kings of Pergamum, 5 rainwater cisterns and an arsenal where ammunition was stored. In the lower part are located: the temple of Athena, the library where parchment was first invented, the temple of Trajan, built on the highest terrace of the Acropolis in honor of the deified Roman emperor Trajan. On the terrace under the temple of Trajan was the legendary Altar of Zeus, built in 231 BC. e. in honor of the victory of Attalus I over the Galatians, and which was taken to Germany in 1897 and is still kept in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. A theater with a capacity of 10.000 people


discovered details of architecture and many objects made of stone, bone and ivory, copper and precious metals, which forced the scientific world to reconsider ideas about the heroic age. Schliemann did not immediately recognize the layers of the Mycenaean era and the late Bronze Age, but in the depths of the hill he came across a much older fortress, chronologically the second, and with full confidence called it the city of Priam. After Schliemann's death in 1890, his colleague Wilhelm Dö rpfeld continued the work and in 1893 and 1894 opened the much larger perimeter of Troy VI. This settlement corresponds to the Mycenaean era and therefore it was recognized as the Troy of the Homeric legend. Now most scientists believe that the hill near Hissarlik is the real historical Troy, sung by Homer.

At the entrance we are met by a symbolic Trojan horse, which we carefully examine both outside and inside.

We visit the museum and find out that during archaeological excavations, archaeologists discovered traces of 9 fortress-settlements (basic layers) of ancient Troy on the Hisarlyk hill:

Troy 0 (or Kumtepe) is a Neolithic settlement that existed in the vicinity of Troy.

Troy I (3000-2600 BC) - the first Trojan settlement was built up with very primitive dwellings made of clay bricks. Judging by the remaining traces, it died during a fire.

Troy II (2600-2300 BC) - the next settlement looks more developed and wealthy. It was in this layer that Schliemann discovered the famous Trojan treasure, which consisted of numerous weapons, copper trinkets, pieces of precious jewelry, gold vessels, tombstones of the prehistoric and early historical period. This highly developed culture was also destroyed by fire.

Troy III-IV-V (2300-1900 BC) - these layers testify to a period of decline in the history of the ancient city.

Troy VI (1900-1300 BC)

) - the city increased in diameter up to 200 meters. The settlement was the victim of a strong earthquake in 1300 BC. e.

Troy VII-A (1300-1200 BC) - the famous Trojan War belongs to this period. Later, the Athenians sacked and destroyed the settlement.

Troy VII-B (1200-900 BC) - dilapidated Troy was captured by the Phrygians.

Troy VIII (900-350 BC) - at that time the city was inhabited by Alean Greeks. King Xerxes then visited Troy and sacrificed more than 1.000 heads of cattle here.

Troy IX (350 BC - 400 AD) is a fairly large center of the Hellenistic era.

Not far from ancient Troy is the westernmost point of Asia - Cape Baba (26 ° 10 "E, 39 ° 29" N) - interesting for its fishing port Babakalekoy ("Baba's Fortress"), where there is a charming Ottoman castle XVIII century. Unfortunately, we do not have the opportunity to visit this unique place.


According to our guide Tuba, there is no special sign or center at this place, as, for example, on Cape Cabo de Roca in Portugal, the westernmost point in Europe, and therefore it is not included in the list of tourist sites. It's a pity!

Crossing-crossing, left bank-right bank or the Dardanelles

Leaving Troy, we head to the city of Canakkale to cross the Dardanelles by ferry and return to Europe.

The Dardanelles Strait is a strait between the European peninsula of Gallipoli and northwest Asia Minor, connecting the Sea of ​ ​ Marmara with the Aegean. On the European continent, its length is 78 km, on the Asian continent it is 94 km, and the width varies from 1.3 km to 6 km. The Dardanelles, together with the Bosporus Strait, called the Black Sea Straits, occupy a special position in the system of international sea routes, since this is the only communication route between the Black and Mediterranean Seas.

At all times, starting from ancient times, a fierce struggle was waged over these straits, and all issues related to the passage of ships through them have not yet been resolved.

We cast a farewell glance at the city of Canakkale and Asia.

The ferry crossing did not last long, but it is difficult to convey in words the emotions that cover this unique place, because we see both the Asian and European coasts at the same time and we are in the middle of two parts of the world! And so we enter the European shore. Hello dear Europe!

Walk along the Bosphorus

We return to Istanbul, with pleasure we walk around the evening city, inhaling its aromas filled with sweets. Everywhere on the streets there is a lively trade. What they don't sell!

In the morning we go to the port to take a short cruise along the Bosphorus Strait - one of the most unique places in the world. The strait is located between Europe and Asia, connecting the Black Sea with the Sea of ​ ​ Marmara.

The length of the strait is about 30 km, the minimum width is 700 m. Thanks to it, Istanbul has retained its significance and splendor throughout its long history and is an incomparable global maritime transport system.


Having purchased a ticket for 10 Turkish liras for the shortest sightseeing route, we recover on a boat for almost a two-hour voyage. On both sides of the strait are numerous mosques, villas that were built and used by the Ottoman padishahs, as well as magnificent palaces where the Ottoman sultans settled after Topkana. The most famous of them are Beylerbey and Dolmabahce.

We sail along the Ortakoy district - one of the most romantic places in this city. In it, on a small ledge next to the Bosphorus Bridge, there is another attraction of Istanbul - the Ortakoy Mosque, built in 1853-1854 in the Ottoman Baroque style.

We sail under the Bosphorus Bridge - the first suspension bridge across the Bosphorus with a length of 1560 m, which united the European and Asian parts of Istanbul, opened on October 29.1973 on the 50th anniversary of the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey.

In addition to this bridge, another suspension bridge of Sultan Mehmed Fatih, 1510 m long, was thrown across the Bosphorus and opened on May 29.1988 on the 535th anniversary of the conquest of the city, and is named after the conqueror of Istanbul. We also swim under it.

On both banks of the Bosphorus, of course, there are not only luxurious palaces and villas, simple Istanbul residents live there in ordinary houses.

Along the banks of the Bosphorus are two fortresses. In Asian - Anadoluhisary (Anatolian fortress), erected by order of Sultan Bayazid Yildirim in 1395. Before the siege of Istanbul, it was used as a military base and still retains its original appearance. Rumelihisari Fortress was erected in the narrowest part of the Bosporus, opposite the Anatolian fortress.

The fortress was built by Sultan Mehmed II Fatih (the Conqueror). The construction of the fortress began in 1452 and was completed in a record time - just 4 months.

A walk along the Bosphorus ends our excursion program in Istanbul and Turkey. We are going to Ataturk Airport.

About the country and its people


We traveled half the country and saw how carefully the 75 million Turkish people treat their country and its rich history. On our way, we did not meet any bad roads or dilapidated buildings. Everywhere one could feel good quality, well-groomedness. We paid attention to greenhouses, many of which were built on the narrow terraces of the Taurus Mountains - they were built in order to protect vegetables from the scorching sun. Having also seen monuments to various vegetables in many settlements, you understand the respect with which agricultural labor is treated in the country.

We realized that this is a working country, it is interesting not only as a "recreation center", but there is something to see in it.

We return home, taking with us an invaluable cargo. No, not in the form of gold jewelry, popular Turkish goods. We take with us the baggage of new knowledge that we have enriched during our stay in a country so rich in historical values. We got the opportunity to get in touch with the relics of ancient civilizations, get to know the world we live in better, see and visit the most beautiful places on the planet, and also relax on the shores of three seas: the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara. Flying away on an airliner, casting a farewell glance at Istanbul, we say: thank you, Turkey, for preserving for posterity the historical and cultural heritage of the great and small ancient civilizations that passed through your land!

Translated automatically from Russian. View original
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Наш «Grand Ring Hotel» в Белдиби
В Анталье
Пристань в Анталье
Йивли минарет – символ Антальи
В музее-медресе Каратай
Водопад Карпузкалдыран
Памуккале
Травертины Памуккале
В бассейне Клеопатры
В античном городе Хиераполис
В Некрополе г. Хиераполис
Музей истории Хиераполиса
В музее истории Хиераполиса
В древнем городе Эфесе
Библиотека Цельсия
Развалины храма Артемиды
Развалины церкви апостола Христа Иоанна
Домик Девы Марии в Эфесе
Памятник Девы Марии на горе Бюльбюль
Набережная города Кушадасы
Башня с часами в г. Измир
Город Измир
Памятник Хасану Тахсину
В древней столице Пергамского царства
Вид на современный город Бергам
Античный тетр в древней Пергаме
Развалины легендарной Трои
Троянский конь
В легендарной Трое
На пристани города Чанаккале
Здравствуй, родная Европа!
Вечерний Стамбул
Дворец Долмабахче
Мечеть Ортакёй
Под Босфорским мостом
Крепость Румелихисари
Здесь живут стамбульцы
Один из памятников овощам
Под крылом - Стамбул и Чёрное море
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