Pamukkale
Pamukkale (in the lane with the tour. Cotton Fortress) thermal springs (temperature 30 C) in Turkey. Coordinates: 3.54′ s. sh. 2.06′ c. / . 37.9 p. sh. 29.1 c. d.
Pamukkale has become famous for its snow-white travertines. Hot, mineral springs (with a temperature (+30-+36 degrees) about 15 thousand years, breaking out from a great depth, run down the slopes of the mountains, forming white deposits resembling frozen waterfalls. • Travertine: Travertine is a limestone tuff, a polycrystalline hemogenic rock formed by Calcium carbonate minerals Formed as a result of precipitation of calcium carbonate from the water of carbonic sources Also released from groundwater in caves, forming stalactites and stalagmites Lime tuff is characterized by a porous structure, sponginess, low hardness, light color (white, grayish, yellowish, brown ).
It is widely used as a building and facing stone, as well as for interior decoration. The largest building built entirely of travertine is the Colosseum. In Russia, the Vyborgskaya metro station in St. Petersburg is decorated with travertine.
• About water. This wonderful place, located 150 meters above the Menderes valley, arose as a result of the fact that the waters left mounds and small reservoirs resembling a kind of fortress, from which the name of this place is Cotton Fortress. The famous travertines are a mixture of carbon dioxide (C02) and calcium (Ca). When the waters come to the surface of the earth, the calcium lime separates from the carbon dioxide, precipitates and leaves white layers.
The travertines are white at first, but gradually darken as they come into contact with air. Since the founding of Hieropolis, hot springs have been the main reason for the influx of people here.
In ancient times, they usually treated with hydrotherapy and hypnosis, and in the treatment they asked for help from the god of medicine and healing Asclepius. Asclepius (ancient Greek Ἀ σ κ λ η π ι ό ς , "opening") in ancient Greek mythology, the god of medicine and healing. Initially, he was born a mortal, but for the highest medical art he received immortality.
BirthAccording to legend, Asclepius' father was the god Apollo, and his mother in one version was the nymph or heroine Coronida, in another Arsinoe. The Pythia, in response to a request from the Arcadian Apollophanes, confirmed that Asclepius was the son of Coronis, the daughter of Phlegius.
This woman, having become pregnant, fell in love with the mortal Ischius. The raven informed Apollo about this, and he, very angry, sent his sister Artemis to kill Coronis.
When the woman’s body was burned at the stake (during this burning, the raven, which had previously worn white feathers, turned black forever from the soot of the fire), Apollo snatched the baby Asclepius from the fire in her womb and gave him to be raised by the centaur Chiron. Or Hermes snatched him out of the fire According to Socrates of Argos and Tarquitia, Asclepius was born of unknown parents, thrown out, found by hunters, fed on dog's milk, and given to Chiron, who taught him medicine. According to some authors, he was born near Trikki, where the Lefeuy flows.
Traditions. Asclepius asked a mentor to teach him the art of healing, but soon surpassed not only Chiron, but all mortals in this art. He arrived in Kos and taught the locals how to heal.
In marriage with Epione, Asclepius had sons Telesphorus, Podalirius and Machaon (mentioned by Homer as excellent doctors) and daughters revered as goddesses, Hygieia ("health"), Panacea (Panakeia) ("all-healer") and Iaso ("treatment") , as well as Agleia, Akeso and Meditrina.
Argonaut. According to the version, he was an Argonaut and returned sight to Phineus. According to Cotta's speech, there were three Asclepias:
Son of Apollo who is worshiped in Arcadia. Invented a medical probe and began to bandage wounds. Brother of Hermes, struck by lightning and buried in Kinosury. The son of Arsippus and Arsinoe, discovered ways to cleanse the stomach and remove teeth. His grave and grove near the river Luzia in Arcadia.
Death. Asclepius became such a great physician that he learned to resurrect the dead, and people on Earth stopped dying. He performed resurrections with the help of blood from the right half of the body of the Gorgon, which he received from Athena. According to Pherecides, at Delphi he resurrected all the dead.
According to Stesichorus, he resurrected some of those who fell at Thebes, and also resurrected Hippolytus. Resurrected a dead person for a fee.
The god of death, Thanatos, having lost his prey, complained to Zeus about Asclepius, who violated the world order. Zeus agreed that if humans became immortal, they would no longer be different from the gods. With his lightning, the Thunderer struck Asclepius (which is mentioned by Hesiod, Pisander, Pherekides, Paniasid, Andron and Akusilaus), who was killed by Zeus among the Hyperboreans. Apollo avenged the death of his son by slaying the Cyclopes, who fettered the thunderbolt of Zeus.
But the great physician, by the will of Moir, returned from the realm of the dead, and became the god of healing.
Asclepius is depicted with a staff entwined with snakes. Once he was walking, leaning on a staff, and suddenly a snake wrapped around the staff. Frightened, Asclepius killed the snake. But then a second snake appeared, which carried some kind of grass in its mouth. This herb resurrected the dead.
Asclepius found this herb and with its help began to resurrect the dead (the same myth was told about Polyida, see also Glaucus (son of Minos)). The staff of Asclepius entwined with a snake is used as a medical symbol.
subsequent tradition. It became the constellation of Ophiuchus.
Mentioned in the Iliad. The XVI hymn of Homer and LXVII of the Orphic hymn are dedicated to him. The protagonist of the tragedy of Aristarchus of Tegey "Asclepius", the comedies of Antiphanes and Phileterus "Asclepius".
Families of physicians in ancient Greece derived their lineage from Asclepius. In particular, Hippocrates and Aristotle were considered his descendants.
According to the Sikyonian story, the god (i. e. , his image) was brought to them from Epidaurus on a pair of mules and was like a dragon, there were sacred snakes in the temple. The politician Arata was considered his son. The snake of Asclepius arrived in Rome. People who came to Pamukkale, in addition to the time spent on treatment, still had free time that they spent
for entertainment.
So Hieropolis, thanks to its hospital, began to enrich itself and develop culturally. Festivals stood out among the cultural and entertainment events. Festivals (holidays) were usually held in honor of some god or emperor. These events were financed, as a rule, either by the city government, or by one of the wealthy individuals (which served them to maintain authority).
The holidays of ancient Greece were numerous, and it happened that several fell at once on one day. The reasons for the majority were the seasons and related agricultural activities. Later, the legend of the gods and the days of important historical events began to form the basis of the festive events. In general, the festivities were very diverse in nature and purpose. During these days, all private and public affairs, judicial and political activities were suspended.
And people devoted all their time to participating in cult activities or becoming their spectators.
Cult actions were also very diverse, and included solemn processions, sacrifices and expiatory ceremonies. On holidays, competitions were held, both athletic and gymnastic, as well as competitions in singing, versification and theatrical performances.
In honor of the goddess Athena, the Greeks annually celebrated the Lesser Panathenei, which means "a holiday for all Athenians", but every five years it was celebrated with special brilliance, like the Great Panathenei. If the Small ones lasted from the 25th to the 28th day of the month of the hecatombeon according to the Athenian calendar, then the Large ones lasted from the 21st to the 29th. Preparations for the Great Panathenaic began nine months before they began, and the climax fell on the last day of the festivities, when all citizens of Athens, regardless of gender, age and social status, took part in the festive procession.
At the head of the procession moved a special wagon - the so-called Panathenaic ship - with a saffron-colored robe of the goddess Athena. The deeds of the goddess were skillfully embroidered on the clothes.
After the procession, the Athenians performed a sacrificial ritual - a hecatomb, followed by a joint feast that completed the Panathenaic program. Throughout the days of the festival, various competitions were held, the winners of which were awarded a wreath of branches of a consecrated olive tree and large beautiful earthenware jugs - the so-called Panathenaic amphoras filled with holy oil.
Feasts dedicated to the god Dionysus were very numerous. So in the countryside, in winter, Small Dionysia was celebrated. During them, they enjoyed newly squeezed wine and organized phallic processions, presented young wine as a gift to God and sacrificed a goat. There were also competitions of various choirs.
Thus, from serious and cheerful choral performances, tragedy and comedy developed. But the biggest celebration was the city's Big Dionysia, held in March. The great dionysias were the most brilliant moment of the whole year, here the god was glorified by dithyrambs and theatrical plays.
Especially for this holiday, numerous most beautiful creations of the Greek theater were composed. About the city. Pamukkale is located at an altitude of 150m. over the Menderes valley, and at 350m. above sea level and 15 km. from the city of Denizli. In ancient times, the valley of Menderes was called Lykos, and the settlement located on the site of today's ruins of the city in Pamukkale was called Svaura (sacred place). The first settlements here began in 3000. BC e. The people living here worshiped the mother goddess Cybele.
Cybele - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Statue of Cybele in Madrid
Cybele (Greek Κ υ β έ λ η , lat. Cybele), Cybele, sometimes Kibeba (Greek.
Κ υ β ή β η ) - in Greek mythology, the goddess of Phrygian origin, close in her functions to the goddess Rhea and sometimes identified with her. She also bore the names: Kiveva, Dindimena, the Idea Mother, the Great Mother of the Gods. According to Strabo, she got her name from Cybele. Her temple in Sardis is mentioned by Herodotus.
Myths about CybeleThe myths about Cybele are connected with the story of Attis.
Cybele gave birth to Iasion Corybantus. After the death of Iasion, Dardanus, Cybele, and Korybanth transferred the sacred rites of the Mother of the Gods to Asia and went to Phrygia. Cybele from Olympus gave birth to Alka, whom she named the goddess Cybele. Either this is a girl, fed on the mountains by animals and named after Mount Cybele, a friend of Marsyas, beloved of Attis. When her father killed Attis, she ran across the country with tympanums, reached Nisa, where Apollo fell in love with her and pursued her to the Hyperboreans [7].
Pindar wrote her praises. Among the authors of elegies, the story of the priest of Cybele and the lion was extremely popular.
KibebaKibeba is the ancient name of Cybele. In Luwian inscriptions of the 9th century. BC e. the deity Ati Kupap is mentioned on the relief depicting Tarkhunt.
Mother of the gods In Mycenaean texts, te-i-ja ma-te-re (? Theiai matrei, Mother of the gods) occurs.
It is mentioned by Pindar. Her statue was created by Phidias. Her temple in Pessinunte, called Agdistis, where Attis is buried, as well as the temple in Anagyrunta (Attica). The 14th hymn of Homer and the 27th Orphic hymn are dedicated to her.
DindimenaDindimena (Dindimida) is a common epithet of the Mother of the Gods, after the name of Mount Dindim above the city of Pessinunt. The sanctuary of Dindimena on the mountain above Cyzicus was founded by the Argonauts. The temple of the mother goddess Dindimena in Thebes was erected by Pindar. Cult of Cybele
Originally a Phrygian goddess, the personification of mother nature, revered in most areas of Asia Minor (especially near Mount Ida, in Lydia, Bithynia and Galatia).
The companions of the goddess, whose Phrygian name was Ammas, were the Corybantes, the Kuretes, and the Idean Dactyls; her favorite is the beautiful young man Attis; Kabirs are also in some relation to her cult. Through the Greek colonies in Asia Minor, the cult of Cybele early penetrated into Greece, where she was identified with the Cretan mother of Zeus, Rhea, and was usually called "the great mother of the gods. "
The goddess demanded from her servants complete submission to her, forgetting themselves in delight and ecstasy, when the priests inflicted bloody wounds on each other, and the neophytes castrated themselves in the name of Cybele, leaving the world of everyday life and betraying themselves into the hands of a gloomy and terrible goddess.
Cybele always appeared on a golden chariot, with a crown in the form of a jagged tower on her head, surrounded by mad corybants and curets, wild lions and panthers (the lions were also harnessed to her chariot).
She is the mistress of mountains, forests and animals, regulating their inexhaustible fertility.
In Athens, a temple was dedicated to her, with her name, the work of Phidias or Agoracritus.
The cult of Cybele in Rome was introduced in 204 BC. e. at the end of the Second Punic War, during the period of active expansion of Rome to the east. According to the saying of the Sibylline Books, the ancient symbol of the cult of the goddess, a dark-colored stone (probably a meteorite), was solemnly transported by a special embassy from her temple in Pessinunte. Since then, the cult of the goddess, under the name of the "great mother" (Mater magna), has become state; they were in charge of a special college of priests. The Romans themselves were at first forbidden to take part in the rites of the cult of Cybele; it began to spread between them only during the time of the Empire.
Especially many people were attracted by the atoning sacrifices of Cybele: taurobolia and cryobolia (initiation into the cult by irrigation with bull or ram blood).
The cult of Cybele merged with the purely Roman idea of the goddess of crops and harvest Ops. Festivities in honor of Cybele were the most magnificent in the era of the empire, when religious syncretism received special development and Cybele began to be revered as the patroness of the welfare of cities and the entire state.
Ancient art represented Cybele in the form of a richly dressed matron, with a tower crown on her head; in one hand she has a tympanum, in the other sometimes ears or a scepter; she sits on a throne surrounded by lions, or in a chariot drawn by lions; sometimes represented as riding a lion. Over time, the locals began to assimilate with people of other nations who came here. So somewhere in the 12th century. BC e. This territory belonged to Phrygia.
Phrygia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Historical regions of Asia Minor during classical antiquity
Phrygia (Greek Φ ρ υ γ ί α , Tur.
Frigya) is a historical interior region in the west of Asia Minor.
The name "Phrygia" comes from the name of the Phrygians - the people who moved here from the territory of Macedonia around 1200 BC. e. The Phrygians who went to the east mingled with the aboriginal population and gave rise to the Armenian ethnos. Since the annexation of part of Phrygia to Lycaonia and Galatia, the so-called Great Phrygia meant an area (its limits changed somewhat), surrounded by Caria, Lydia, Mysia, Bithynia, Galatia, Lycaonia and Pisidia; Small or Hellespontian, or Epictetan Phrygia was called the coastal strips south of the Hellespont and Prepontis.
There were two more names for Phrygia: "Mountain Phrygia", with the main cities of Tyria and Philomelia, and "Pisidian Phrygia", with the city of Pisidian Antioch. In the Byzantine Empire, there were the names of Phrygia the First and Phrygia the Second.
In Phrygia, in all likelihood, gold was found, as evidenced by local legends about Midas. The Phrygian tribe was mainly engaged in agriculture; the ancient Phrygian law prescribed execution for killing an ox or for damaging an agricultural tool; According to legend, the first king was a simple peasant who had only two oxen. Along with agriculture, thanks to rich pastures, cattle breeding was developed: Phrygian wool and cloth were also famous in Roman times.
Trade, having begun to develop under the Persians, reached a considerable degree of prosperity during the time of the Roman Empire: at Hierapolis, in the interior of Phrygia, a manufacturer had his tomb inscribed that he had traveled 72 times to Italy during his life. Despite the Persian, Macedonian, Hellenic and Roman influences, even in Roman times Phrygia had its own coins and the Phrygian language was still preserved (until the 6th century).
It is almost impossible to indicate the main city in Phrygia, since numerous cities of medium size played the main role.
The most notable are: Keleny, the ancient capital of the Phrygian kingdom and the main city of the Great Phrygian satrapy during the reign of the Persians, at the springs of Meander; Colossi (Chonas), Kidrara, later Perapolis, Pelty, Kaistrupedion, Dorilei and Cotia, in the time of the Seleucids Apamea-Cybot, and in the time of the Romans - Laodicea, Apollonia, Seleucia, Sinnada, which stood on the caravan route from the Asia Minor shores to the middle Euphrates. Particularly curious is the custom of the Phrygians to live in the rocks and carve entire cities in them. In ancient times, the Phrygian cult of Astarte, borrowed from the Syro-Phoenician tribes, was famous in Phrygia. The main gods of Phrygia are Bogaios (of the same root with the Slavic god), the mother goddess Amma (Cybele), Adgistis and Sabazius (= Bacchus).
Mythical kings of Phrygia
TantalumHierapolis.
Pamukkale. Gate in Hierapolis. Hierapolis, or Hierapolis (tur. Hierapolis, Greek Ἱ ε ρ ά π ο λ ι ς 'sacred city') is an ancient city, the ruins of which are located 17 km from the Turkish city of Denizli. The modern name of the location of Hierapolis is Pamukkale. An important center of tourism in Turkey. UNESCO World Heritage Site, object No. 485 History The first buildings on the site of Hierapolis appeared in the 2nd millennium BC. e. King Eumenes II of Pergamon in 190 BC e. built a new city on this site and called it Hierapolis (from gr. - the holy city). The city was subsequently destroyed by an earthquake and rebuilt.
In 133 BC. e. The city came under the protection of Rome. The city was subsequently badly damaged by an earthquake in 17 AD. e. Hierapolis is rebuilt again, and in the 60s it becomes famous in the Roman aristocratic circles as a resort. The city is flourishing. The city played an important role in the spread of Christianity.
One of the 12 apostles, St. Philip In 395 the city comes under the control of Byzantium. Constantine the Great made the city the capital of the region of Phrygia and at the same time the center of the bishopric. In 1097 the city was handed over to the Turkish sultan as a military compensation.
In the future, Hierapolis, together with the nearby cities of Laodice and Kolossi, is a disputed territory and changes hands several times. The city finally passes under the patronage of the Turks in 1210. In 1534, a strong earthquake completely destroyed the city. Research History The first excavations in Hierapolis were carried out starting in 1887 by a German group of archaeologists led by Karl Humann. The results were published in 1897.
The modern stage of exploration of Hierapolis began in 1957. The Institute of Archeology of Italy sent a team of archaeologists under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Paola Verzone.
Since 1973, this group has also carried out restoration work. Archaeological and restoration work continues to this day. Attractions
Necropolis - the largest ancient necropolis in Turkey
Cleopatra's pool - operating baths with mineral water.
The theater is one of three surviving ancient amphitheatres in Turkey. Capacity - 15 thousand spectators.
Martyrius St. Philip - the ruins of martyria - buildings in honor of the people who fell in the name of faith - St. Philip, one of the apostles who died at Hierapolis in 87 AD. e.
Temple of Apollo - The ruins of the Temple of Apollo, the largest temple in the city.
Travertine - large-scale lime deposits
