Luxembourg is a little European beauty

19 august 2012 Travel time: with 08 august 2012 on 08 august 2012
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"We want to remain who we are" (motto of the country)

About the country, its history and people


The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a small state in Western Europe. It borders in the east with Germany, in the south with France and in the west with Belgium. The small state of Luxembourg is not lost against the backdrop of large neighbors. Translated from the old German, Luxembourg means "small castle". Luxembourg is so small that on most maps of Europe the letters of its name do not even fit, but the country fully compensates for its insignificance with the beauty of its landscapes, rich history and truly European charm. The green landscapes of this country are cut through by rivers and decorated with pretty villages, as if descended from the pages of fairy tales. Even though it is only 82 km long and 58 km wide, its territory consists of a variety of landscapes: from wooded uplands in the north to fertile plains in the south. The relief is mainly a hilly elevated plain, in the north of which the spurs of the Ardennes rise (the highest point is Mount Burgplatz, 559 m). The four main rivers in the country are the Alzette, the Moselle, the Ur and the Sur, but there are many smaller rivers and canals. The total area is about 2.6 thousand square meters. km.

In a country of such modest size, and in different parts of the country, the climate is almost the same. When the seasons change, the climate also differs little. Most of the year Luxembourg has average temperatures, summers are usually warm and winters are cool, it is quite cold only from November to February, but the temperature almost never drops below zero. The sunniest period is May-August, during which time the average temperature is about 20 °C during the day and about 10 °C at night. In the Ardennes, snow often lies throughout the winter, at which time the sun appears for only a few hours during the day. Precipitation falls almost evenly throughout the year, on average, one good rain falls every three days.

Administratively, Luxembourg is divided into 3 districts (Luxembourg, Diekirsch, Grevenmacher), which, in turn, are divided into cantons, and cantons - into communes.

The independent county of Luxembourg was formed in 963, from the XIV century. - the Duchy of Luxembourg, which contributed to the ethnic isolation of the Luxembourgers. Later it was under the rule of Burgundy, Spain, Austria and France. Since the time of Count Conrad, the founder of the dynasty (1060), the country has been ruled by the House of Luxembourg. In 1815 the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was created. The modern borders of the country were established in 1839 by the London Treaty. Germany occupied the country during the First and Second World Wars. During the second occupation, Luxembourg was officially incorporated into the Nazi Reich.


Currently, the country is a member of 49 international organizations, including the UN, WTO, EU, Benelux, NATO, etc. The Duchy of Luxembourg is one of the richest countries in Europe with the highest standard of living. Many EU organizations are based in Luxembourg City. Thanks to favorable conditions and an offshore zone, about 1000 investment funds and more than 200 banks are located in the capital - more than in any other city in the world. 4th place in the world in terms of income of the population (in 2010, $ 128.806 per person per year). 70% of the country's GDP is formed by the extraction of iron ore, the production of iron and pig iron. [

The main population of Luxembourg is the Luxembourgers, Lö tzeburger (self-name). They also live in Italy, Germany and France. The total number is 473 thousand people, including 285 thousand people in Luxembourg. They speak the Luxembourgish language of the German group of the Indo-European family, which is based on the Low German dialects (Moselle-Frankish and Rhenish-Frankish). German and French are also widely spoken. Writing based on the Latin alphabet. The vast majority of believers are Catholics, there are Protestants.

The country has the highest standard of living in Europe and in the world, and every third resident is a foreigner. And in the capital there are areas in general where foreigners are 2/3 of the total population. In general, the Luxembourgish people are tall, like the Adolf Bridge in the capital. The strongest man on the planet is a Luxembourger. At the same time, Luxembourgers are good-natured, calm and very unhurried. Luxembourgers love their country very much and, not without reason, consider it one of the most picturesque European countries. Therefore, in their state, they prefer to travel on foot or by bicycle.

Average life expectancy: 72 years - men, 79 years - women. The birth rate (per 1.000 people) is 11.1. Mortality rate (per 1000 people) - 9.3.

Luxembourg is a major financial center with numerous branches of foreign banks attracted by low taxes.

Walk through the capital of Luxembourg

The city of Luxembourg (capital) was founded over 1000 years ago, but received the status and rights of the city only in 1244. It is a beautiful, neat and lively city with a population of 86 thousand people. The most diverse architecture bridges, cones and spiers of palaces and churches, monuments, parks, buildings of different times and styles form a very harmonious ensemble.


We pass by the Monument of National Solidarity, which is located on Cannon Hill, erected in 1971, commemorating the victims of World War II. Inside the monument, the atmosphere of a prison and a concentration camp is recreated. The stone slab in the chapel serves as a memorial tombstone for the Luxembourgers who died for their homeland. An eternal flame burns inside the monument.

Further on our way is the Cathedral, the first stone of which was laid in its foundation in 1613 by the Jesuits, which is a magnificent example of "flaming Gothic". In 1870, after the dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773, the Church of Our Lady became a cathedral church. The cathedral's three spiers form an important component of the capital's silhouette against the sky.

We start our walking tour of the capital from the place where the Monument to the memory of the fallen is located. The obelisk is crowned with a statue of the "Golden Woman", depicting the goddess. The monument was erected in memory of the soldiers who fell in the wars in which Luxembourg was a participant.

To the right, the Adolf Bridge, built in 1903, overhangs a large piece of vacant land and magnificent parkland that borders the Petrusa River. A beautiful flower bed pleases the eye, in the middle of which the flag of the Grand Duchy proudly flies on a high flagpole.

If you look down and to the left, an amazing panorama opens up at the entrance to the casemates, left after the destruction of the fortress, built in 1644 during the Spanish rule. Fortifications were then spread over an area of ​ ​.180 hectares, underground defensive galleries, many of which were carved into the rocks, stretched for almost 24 km. Thanks to them and the convenient location, the city was inaccessible to the conquerors.

Opposite the monument, on the opposite bank of the Petrus, is the majestic building of the State Savings Bank.

We are heading to the central Guillaume Square, named after the ruling ducal dynasty, where the information center and souvenir shop are located. The decoration of the main city square is the Baroque Cathedral of Notre Dame, built in 1613-1621. architect J. du Block.

The dominant feature of Place Guillaume is the equestrian statue of William II, who was King of the Low Countries, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and founder of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.


Nearby, on William II Square, there is the Hotel de Ville (town hall), built in 1830 in the spirit of the best traditions of classicism, on the sides of the main staircase of which there are two bronze lions.

At the epicenter of city life, there is a monument in memory of national poets - Dix, both a poet and composer, and Lenz, who wrote the text of the national anthem. City events such as holidays, parades and celebrations usually take place here.

In the center of the Upper Town, not far from Place Guillaume, is the residence of the Grand Duke. The palace with graceful turrets and a whimsical Moorish-style facade is in perfect harmony with the parliament building and the City Hall. There is no state flag and guards near the palace, which means that the Grand Duke is not in the palace at the moment. On June 23, Luxembourg's national holiday, crowds of people flock to the palace to greet their sovereign.

Marche aux Poissons (Fisherman's Market) is located in the heart of the old town. Almost all residential buildings overlooking the square date back to the 18th century. The construction of one of the oldest buildings "Um bok" dates back to the XIII century. One of the houses is inscribed with the slogan of the inhabitants of Luxembourg "We want to remain who we are. "

Also nearby you can see some of the buildings that once belonged to the fortress of Luxembourg. This fortress, built in the 10th century by Marshal Vauban, was a real miracle of fortification. Most of it was destroyed in 1868. At the moment, separate walls with loopholes, a kind of gate "Three Doves", the citadel of the Holy Spirit, the Three Acorns towers, casemates and long passages in the depths of the rock have been preserved. In the place where the ancient fortifications were, now there is a park, from which a magnificent view of the ancient suburb of Bokk and the ruins of the castle opens. Looking at the surviving stones of the walls, one can only guess about the former power of the "northern Gibraltar". Fortunately, her images have been preserved on ancient canvases, according to which a wonderful layout was made.


"Boulevard on the Cornice" adjoins the fortifications built by the Spaniards and French in the 17th century.

The capital is the cultural center of the duchy, the National Library, the Municipal Theatre, the Conservatory, the Luxembourg Radio Symphony Orchestra and the film studio operate here. The National Museum deserves special attention. In addition to the National Museum, there are many other museums and art galleries in the city: Museum of the History of the City of Luxembourg, Museum of Natural History, Museum of Folk Life, Museum of Weapons and Fortifications, Museum of Ancient Musical Instruments, Museums of Urban Transport, Museum of Posts and Telecommunications, Pescatore Municipal Gallery in the building Vauban Villas, Municipal Art Gallery, Tutesal National Gallery and others.

The bronze statue of Grand Duchess Charlotte (1896-1985) was presented to the townspeople in 1990, and was carved by the French sculptor Jean Cardo. The Grand Duchess ruled from 1919 to 1964 and has become one of the most remarkable figures in recent Luxembourg history. The inscription on the statue "We love you" is a sign of gratitude to her citizens of Luxembourg.

On the corner of the Grand Rue, in the shopping center of the city, there is a very pretty fountain by the Luxembourg sculptor Ville Lofty. It depicts the "march of the sheep" and was cast in bronze in 1982.

In addition to the above architectural monuments, the sights of the Upper Town include the ruins of a Roman watchtower, the rock chapel of Saint-Cyrin (VI and XV centuries), the Gothic Cathedral of Saint-Michel (1519, the bell tower - 1634), the Palace of Justice of the Renaissance ( 1556-1572, the facade was redone in the 19th century), the Radio House (1937-1952) and the National Theater (1962-1966, architect A. Bourbone).


Most recently, in 1992, an ultra-modern RTL complex made of mirror glass was built on the Kirtberg plateau, which added contrasts to the capital. It turns out that modern architecture is adjacent to blocks of ancient fortress walls. Also noteworthy is the building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, built in 1751, the tomb of the Grand Dukes, the tomb of the King of Bohemia and Count of Luxembourg John the Blind in the Cathedral of Our Lady (1613-1621), the Church of St. Michael (X century), the chapel of St. Kvirina (XIV century), the Church of St. John on the Stone (XVII century).

Luxembourg is a venue for various festivals and noisy holidays. In February, the Burgsonndeg festival and a colorful carnival take place here, in April-May - the Feast of the First Flowers, St. Willibrord's Day and the Catholic Octave Festival. Lush festivities fall on June 23, Independence Day of the state, and in August the funny Schueberfü hrer festival is held in Luxembourg and wine holidays begin.

In 2011, in the rating of the safest cities in the world published by the international consulting company Mercer, Luxembourg took first place (2-4 places were shared by Bern, Helsinki and Zurich).

This beautiful city, like the entire picturesque country of the same name, really did not want to leave. This short visit aroused the desire to return again in order to learn more about this small original European state, to enjoy its picturesque beauty.

Translated automatically from Russian. View original
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